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| Program | Activities | Sample and Site Characteristics | Five-Year Net Cost per Program Group Member ($) | Year | Control Group | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlanta LFA | Job search (typically job club) was the firstactivity for almost all participants; if no jobwas found after job search, short-term vocational training or adult education were the most common next activities | 90% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 3 Welfare grant: $280 (1993) Unemployment rate: 6.2% |
3,974 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,647 | 396*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,578 | 650*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 3,313 | 618*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 4,255 | 560** | ||||
| Year 5 | 5,586 | 235 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 82.7 | -4.5*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 70.9 | -6.2*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 61.2 | -5.1*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 50.1 | -5.7*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 36.5 | -3.9** | ||||
| Grand Rapids LFA | Job search (typically job club) was the first activity for almost all participants; if no job was found after job search, work experience or (for some) short-term vocational training or adult education were the most common next activities | 50% white, 40% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 1 Welfare grant: $474 (1993) Unemployment rate: 5.5% |
1,987 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,759 | 530*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,874 | 511*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 4,211 | 447** | ||||
| Year 4 | 5,480 | 135 | ||||
| Year 5 | 6,447 | -71 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 77.8 | -9.1*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 60.8 | -7.3*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 48.0 | -6.8*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 38.0 | -5.6 *** | ||||
| Year 5 | 27.8 | -3.5** | ||||
| Riverside LFA | Job search (typically job club) was the first activity for almost all participants; if no job was found after job search, continued job search or (for some) vocational training were the most common next activities search or, in some cases, life skills classes. | 50% white, 35% Hispanic Mandatory for parents with no child under age 3 Welfare grant: $624 (1993) Unemployment rate: 11.7% |
3,320 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,741 | 719*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,482 | 557*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 2,957 | 432*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 3,554 | 313* | ||||
| Year 5 | 4,155 | 528*** | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 69.6 | -6.7*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 56.4 | -6.4*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 47.6 | -4.8*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 41.1 | -4.2*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 34.6 | -4.4*** | ||||
| Portland | Less job-ready people were assigned to adult education, vocational training, or life skills classes at the discretion of case managers; others were assigned to job search or, in some cases, life skills classes. Job search was the most common next activity for those who completed their initial activities | 80% white, 20% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 1 Welfare grant: $460 (1993) Unemployment rate: 6.6% |
2,865 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 2,484 | 343* | ||||
| Year 2 | 3,150 | 1,271*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 4,050 | 1,441*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 5,112 | 1,207*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 6,095 | 887** | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 68.0 | -8.3*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 53.3 | -12.7*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 38.6 | -12.8*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 22.5 | -6.0*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 17.1 | -4.8*** | ||||
| Atlanta HCD | Adult education was the most common first activity for people without a high school diploma or GED; vocational training was the most common first activity for others. Job search or vocational training were the most common next activities for people who completed these initial activities | 90% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 3 Welfare grant: $280 (1993) Unemployment rate: 6.2% |
5,480 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,647 | 199* | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,578 | 480*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 3,313 | 599*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 4,255 | 655*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 5,586 | 84 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 82.7 | -2.0 | ||||
| Year 2 | 70.9 | -4.8*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 61.2 | -3.8** | ||||
| Year 4 | 50.1 | -3.2* | ||||
| Year 5 | 36.5 | -2.1 | ||||
| Grand Rapids HCD | Adult education was the most common first activity for people without a high school diploma or GED; vocational training was the most common first activity for others, although some were first assigned to "brush-up" basic education courses or work experience. Job search or vocational training were the most common next activities for people who completed these initial activities | 50% white, 40% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 1 Welfare grant: $474 (1993) Unemployment rate: 5.5% |
3,773 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,759 | 110 | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,874 | 479*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 4,211 | 303 | ||||
| Year 4 | 5,480 | 56 | ||||
| Year 5 | 6,447 | -102 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 77.8 | -4.2*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 60.8 | -6.4*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 48.0 | -6.3*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 38.0 | -5.6*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 27.8 | -2.0 | ||||
| Riverside HCD | Adult education was the most common first activity; job search or vocational training was the most common next activity for people who completed this first activity. All sample members in this program lacked a high school diploma or GED certificate,attained low scores on a reading or math test at program entry, or had limited proficiency in English | 50% white, 35% Hispanic Mandatory for parents with no child under age 3 Welfare grant: $624 (1993) Unemployment rate: 11.7% |
4,573 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,250 | 196* | ||||
| Year 2 | 1,886 | 139 | ||||
| Year 3 | 2,150 | 411** | ||||
| Year 4 | 2,601 | 255 | ||||
| Year 5 | 3,025 | 359 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 72.3 | -4.1*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 60.0 | -4.1** | ||||
| Year 3 | 52.1 | -5.9*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 46.3 | -7.5*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 39.0 | -5.7*** | ||||
| Columbus Integrated | Adult education was the most common first activity for people without a high school diploma or GED; "brush-up" basic education, vocational training, and postsecondary education were the most common first activities for others | 50% white, 50% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 3 Welfare grant: $341 (1993) Unemployment rate: 4.6% |
4,183 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 2,914 | 80 | ||||
| Year 2 | 3,982 | 595*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 5,134 | 510*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 6,260 | 463** | ||||
| Year 5 | 7,276 | 406 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 72.5 | -4.5*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 53.8 | -6.8*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 40.3 | -7.1*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 27.6 | -5.3*** | ||||
| Year 5 | 16.5 | -3.8*** | ||||
| Columbus Traditional | Adult education was the most common first activity for people without a high school diploma or GED; "brush-up" basic education, vocational training, and postsecondary education were the most common first activities for others | 50% white, 50% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 3 Welfare grant: $341 (1993) Unemployment rate: 4.6% |
3,772 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 2,914 | 185 | ||||
| Year 2 | 3,982 | 490*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 5,134 | 325* | ||||
| Year 4 | 6,260 | 298 | ||||
| Year 5 | 7,276 | 113 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 72.5 | -3.6*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 53.8 | -4.6*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 40.3 | -5.5*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 27.6 | -3.0** | ||||
| Year 5 | 16.5 | -2.4** | ||||
| Detroit | During the first half of the study period, adult education was the most common first activity for people without a high school diploma or GED; vocational training or postsecondary education were the most common first activities for others. During the second half of the study period, almost everyone still on welfare was assigned to job search | Mostly African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 1 Welfare grant: $459 (1993) Unemployment rate: 8.0% |
2,053 | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,341 | 57 | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,663 | 313** | ||||
| Year 3 | 4,112 | 481** | ||||
| Year 4 | 5,570 | 351 | ||||
| Year 5 | 6,823 | 258 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 86.5 | -1.1 | ||||
| Year 2 | 73.7 | -3.6*** | ||||
| Year 3 | 61.4 | -4.8*** | ||||
| Year 4 | 48.1 | -3.0** | ||||
| Year 5 | 35.2 | -0.2 | ||||
| Oklahoma City | Adult education, vocational training, and postsecondary education were the most common activities | 70% white, 30% African-American Mandatory for parents with no child under age 1 Welfare grant: $324 (1993) Unemployment rate: 5.6% |
N/A | Earnings ($) | ||
| Year 1 | 1,387 | 16 | ||||
| Year 2 | 2,127 | -5 | ||||
| Year 3 | 2,672 | -40 | ||||
| Year 4 | 3,068 | 45 | ||||
| Year 5 | 3,498 | 100 | ||||
| Welfare receipt (%) | ||||||
| Year 1 | 53.1 | -3.1*** | ||||
| Year 2 | 41.0 | -1.9 | ||||
| Year 3 | 32.7 | -2.4** | ||||
| Year 4 | n/a | n/a | ||||
| Year 5 | n/a | n/a | ||||
| SOURCES: Hamilton et al., 2001; Michalopoulos
and Schwartz, 2001. NOTES: Data on race/ethnicity in each site refer to the research sample, not to the general welfare caseload or population in that side. The unemploment rate is for the year in which random assignment began. Welfare grant amount are for a family of three with no earnings. Net costs are expressed in 1999 dollars. |
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