
                 SECTION 6. TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE

                                CONTENTS

Overview
Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers
  Certification Requirements
  Qualifying Requirements for Trade Readjustment Allowances
  Cash Benefit Levels and Duration
  Training and Other Employment Services, Job Search, and
            Relocation Allowances
NAFTA Worker Security Act
Funding of TAA and NAFTA Programs
Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Firms
  Benefits
  Funding
Legislative History

                                OVERVIEW

     Federal assistance is offered to both workers and firms
that are affected adversely by foreign trade. This assistance
is provided through three programs which are discussed below.
Two of these programs aid displaced workers and are
administered by the U.S. Department of Labor. The older of the
two, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA), originated
in 1962 and was revamped by the Trade Act of 1974. More
recently, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Implementation Act in 1993 authorized a somewhat different
version of this program to aid workers who lose their jobs
because of trade with Canada or Mexico or plant relocation to
either of those countries. The third program, Trade Adjustment
Assistance for Firms, is administered by the U.S. Department of
Commerce and offers technical assistance to firms designed to
improve their capability to compete with imported goods.

            TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR WORKERS

    Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers under sections 221-
50 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, consists of trade
readjustment allowances (TRA), employment services, training
and additional TRA allowances while in training, and job search
and relocation allowances for certified and otherwise qualified
workers. The program is administered by the Employment and
Training Administration (ETA) of the Department of Labor
through State agencies under cooperative agreements between
each State and the Secretary of Labor. ETA processes petitions
and issues certifications or denials of petitions by groups of
workers for eligibility to apply for TAA. The State agencies
act as Federal agents in providing program information,
processing applications, determining individual worker
eligibility for benefits, issuing payments, and providing
reemployment services and training opportunities.

                       Certification Requirements

    A two-step process is involved in the determination of
whether an individual worker will receive TAA: (1)
certification by the Secretary of Labor of a petitioning group
of workers in a particular firm as eligible to apply; and (2)
approval by the State agency administering the program of the
application for benefits of an individual worker covered by a
certification.
    The process begins when a group of three or more workers,
their union, or authorized representative files a petition with
the ETA for certification of group eligibility. To certify a
petitioning group of workers as eligible to apply for
adjustment assistance, the Secretary must determine that three
conditions are met:
 1. A significant number or proportion of the workers in the
        firm or subdivision of the firm have been or are
        threatened to be totally or partially laid off;
 2. Sales and/or production of the firm or subdivision have
        decreased absolutely; and
 3. Increased imports of articles like or directly competitive
        with articles produced by the firm or subdivision of
        the firm have ``contributed importantly'' to both the
        layoffs and the decline in sales or production.
    The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (OTCA) of 1988
amendments expanded the potential eligibility coverage to
include workers in any firm or subdivision of a firm that
engages in exploration or drilling for oil or natural gas.
    The Secretary is required to make the eligibility
determination within 60 days after a petition is filed. A
certification of eligibility to apply for TAA covers workers
who meet the requirements and whose last total or partial
separation from the firm or subdivision before applying for
benefits occurred within 1 year prior to the filing of the
petition. Table 6-1 provides an overview of the number of
petitions instituted and certified since 1975.
    State agencies must give written notice by mail to each
worker to apply for TAA where it is believed the worker is
covered by a certification of eligibility and also must publish
notice of each certification in newspapers of general
circulation in areas where certified workers reside. State
agencies must also advise each adversely affected worker, at
the time that the worker applies for unemployment insurance
(UI), of TAA benefits as well as the procedures, deadlines, and
qualifying requirements for applying. State agencies must
advise each such worker to apply for training before or at the
same time that the worker applies for TRA benefits and promptly
interview each certified worker and review suitable training
opportunities that are available. Table 6-2 summarizes the
number of workers certified by major industries since 1975.

    TABLE 6-1.--NUMBER OF PETITIONS INSTITUTED AND CERTIFIED AND ESTIMATED NUMBER OF WORKERS PETITIONING AND
                                           CERTIFIED FOR TAA, 1975-99
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Cases instituted               Cases certified
                                                    ------------------------------------------------------------
                   Calendar year                                 Estimated                            Estimated
                                                     Petitions    workers    Petitions  Percent \1\    workers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1975...............................................        559      216,173       141          25         59,330
1976...............................................      1,053      226,523       454          43        147,943
1977...............................................      1,317      229,842       437          33        145,285
1978...............................................      1,876      177,072       933          50        168,226
1979...............................................      2,307      346,714     1,006          44        238,220
1980...............................................      5,570    1,051,350     1,060          19        598,970
1981...............................................      1,159      133,924       377          33         35,545
1982...............................................      1,064      176,320       280          26         22,988
1983...............................................        976      166,604       517          53         60,986
1984...............................................        511       44,247       356          70         17,011
1985...............................................      1,439      131,102       510          35         34,538
1986...............................................      1,887      168,625       920          49         80,610
1987...............................................      1,650      194,654       824          50         93,572
1988...............................................      2,761      230,541     1,195          43        106,363
1989...............................................      1,856      151,744     1,430          77         85,500
1990...............................................      1,621      160,793       706          44         75,638
1991...............................................      1,784      152,942       793          44         64,040
1992...............................................      2,002      128,867     1,321          66         60,190
1993...............................................      1,375      168,442       740          54         78,496
1994...............................................      1,629      137,242     1,047          64         81,974
1995...............................................      1,506      136,029     1,122          75         89,398
1996...............................................      1,658      175,965     1,116          67        111,836
1997...............................................      1,335      151,000       842          63        109,904
1998...............................................      1,728      181,306     1,000          58        108,981
1999 (through October).............................      1,999      158,270     1,378          69        129,054
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Percent of petitions certified.

Source: Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

       Qualifying Requirements for Trade Readjustment Allowances

    In order to receive entitlement to payment of a TRA for any
week of unemployment, an individual must be an adversely
affected worker covered by a certification, file an application
with the State agency, and meet the following qualifying
requirements:
 1. The worker's first qualifying separation from adversely
        affected employment occurred within the period of the
        certification applicable to that worker, i.e., on or
        after the ``impact date'' in the certification (the
        date on which total or partial layoffs in the firm or
        subdivision thereof began or threatened to begin, but
        never more than 1 year prior to the date of the
        petition), within 2 years after the date the Secretary
        of Labor issued the certification covering the worker,
        and before the termination date (if any) of the
        certification.

 TABLE 6-2.--ESTIMATED NUMBER OF WORKERS CERTIFIED BY MAJOR INDUSTRIES,
                          FISCAL YEARS 1975-99
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                Workers
                          Industry                                (in
                                                              thousands)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total estimated number of workers certified.................       2,795
  Certifications by major industries:
    Motor vehicles..........................................         815
    Apparel.................................................         513
    Steel...................................................         193
    Footwear................................................         137
    Electronics (including computers).......................         255
    Oil and gas.............................................         186
    Fabricated metal products...............................          75
    Textiles................................................          77
    Other...................................................         544
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Department of Labor.

 2. The worker was employed for at least 26 weeks during the
        52-week period preceding the week of the first
        qualifying separation at wages of $30 or more per week
        in adversely affected employment with a single firm or
        subdivision of a firm. A week of unemployment includes
        the week in which layoff occurs and up to 7 weeks of
        employer-authorized vacation, sickness, injury,
        maternity, or military leave, or service as a full-time
        union representative. Weeks of disability covered by
        workers' compensation and weeks of active duty in a
        military reserve status may also count toward the 26-
        week minimum.
 3. The worker was entitled to UI, has exhausted all rights to
        any UI entitlement, including any extended benefits or
        Federal supplemental compensation (if in existence),
        and does not have an unexpected waiting period for any
        UI.
 4. The worker must not be disqualified with respect to the
        particular week of unemployment for extended benefits
        by reason of the work acceptance and job search
        requirements under section 202(a)(3) of the Federal-
        State Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1970.
        All TRA claimants in all States are subject to the
        provisions of the extended benefits ``suitable work''
        test under that act (i.e., must accept any offer of
        suitable work, actively engage in seeking work, and
        register for work) after the end of their regular UI
        benefit period as a precondition for receiving any
        weeks of TRA payments. The extended benefits work test
        does not apply to workers enrolled or participating in
        a TAA-approved training program; the test does apply to
        workers for whom TAA-approved training is certified as
        not feasible or appropriate.
 5. In order to receive basic TAA payments, the worker must be
        enrolled in, or have completed following separation
        from adversely affected employment within the
        certification period, a training program approved by
        the Secretary of Labor unless the Secretary has
        determined and submitted a written statement to the
        individual worker certifying that approval of training
        is not ``feasible or appropriate'' (e.g., training is
        not available that meets the criteria for approval,
        funding is not available to pay the full training
        costs, or there is a reasonable prospect that the
        worker will be reemployed by the firm from which he was
        separated). No cash benefits may be paid to a worker
        who, without justifiable cause, has failed to begin
        participation or has ceased participation in an
        approved training program until the worker begins or
        resumes participation, or to a worker whose waiver of
        participation in training is revoked in writing by the
        Secretary.
    This training requirement to encourage and enable workers
to obtain early reemployment became effective under the OTCA
amendments as of November 21, 1988. This 1988 amendment
replaced a 1986 amendment that instituted a job search
requirement as a condition for receiving cash benefits.

                    Cash Benefit Levels and Duration

    A worker is entitled to TRA payments for weeks of
unemployment beginning the later of (a) the first week
beginning more than 60 days after the filing date of the
petition that resulted in the certification under which the
worker is covered (i.e., weeks following the statutory deadline
for certification), or (b) the first week after the worker's
first total qualifying separation.
    The TRA cash benefit amount payable to a worker for a week
of total unemployment is equal to, and a continuation of, the
most recent weekly benefit amount of UI payable to that worker
preceding that worker's first exhaustion of UI following the
worker's first total qualifying separation under the
certification, reduced by any Federal training allowance and
disqualifying income deductible under UI law.
    The maximum amount of basic TRA benefits payable to a
worker for the period covered by any certification is 52 times
the TRA payable for a week of total unemployment minus the
total amount of UI benefits to which the worker was entitled in
the benefit period in which the first qualifying separation
occurred. For example, a worker receiving 39 weeks of UI
regular and extended benefits could receive a maximum 13 weeks
of basic TRA benefits. UI and TRA payments combined are limited
to a maximum 52 weeks in all cases involving extended
compensation benefits. Thus, a worker who received 52 or more
weeks of unemployment benefits would not be entitled to basic
TRA. TRA benefits are not payable to workers participating in
on-the-job training.
    The eligibility period for collecting basic TRA is the 104-
week period that immediately follows the week in which a total
qualifying separation occurs. If the worker has a subsequent
total qualifying separation under the same certification, the
eligibility period for basic TRA moves from the prior
eligibility period to 104 weeks after the week in which the
subsequent total qualifying separation occurs.
    A worker may receive up to 26 additional weeks of TRA
benefits after collecting basic benefits (up to a total maximum
of 78 weeks) if that worker is participating in approved
training. To receive the additional benefits, the worker must
apply for the training program within 210 days after
certification or first qualifying separation, whichever date is
later. Additional benefits may be paid only during the 26-week
period that follows either the last week of entitlement to
basic TRA or the last week before training begins, if training
begins after exhaustion of basic TRA.
    A worker participating in approved training continues to
receive basic and additional TRA payments during breaks in such
training if either: the break does not exceed 14 days; or the
worker was participating in the training before the beginning
of the break, resumes participation in the training after the
break ends, and the break is designated in the training
schedule. Weeks when TRA is not payable because of this break
provision count against the eligibility periods for both basic
and additional TRA.
    Annual outlays, number of recipients, and average weekly
benefits for TRAs are presented in table 6-3.

 TABLE 6-3.--TOTAL OUTLAYS FOR TRADE READJUSTMENT ALLOWANCES, NUMBER OF
RECIPIENTS, AND AVERAGE WEEKLY PAYMENTS AND DURATION, FISCAL YEARS 1975-
                                   99
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Total       Average
                                      Total      number of      weekly
           Fiscal year               outlays     recipients  payment per
                                    (millions)  (thousands)   recipient
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1975 (4th quarter)...............          $71           47          $58
1976 \1\.........................           79           62           47
1977.............................          148          111           57
1978.............................          257          155           68
1979.............................          256          132           70
1980.............................        1,622          532          126
1981.............................        1,440          281          140
1982.............................          103           30          119
1983.............................           37           30          120
1984.............................           35           16          139
1985.............................           40           20          133
1986.............................          118           40          144
1987.............................          208           55          155
1988.............................          186           47          165
1989.............................          125           24          175
1990.............................           93           19          164
1991.............................          116           25          169
1992 \2\.........................           43            9          163
1993.............................           51           10          157
1994.............................          120           31          181
1995.............................          145           28          193
1996.............................          160           31          200
1997.............................          188           32          193
1998.............................          180           24          230
1999 (preliminary)...............          226           37         269
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Fiscal year 1976 is the first full year of experience under the
  program as amended by the Trade Act of 1974.
\2\ The 1992 figures for TRA recipients and outlays are abnormally low
  because of emergency unemployment compensation (EUC) payments that
  were made to eligible workers in lieu of TRA payments.

Note.--The above figures relate only to trade readjustment allowances;
  administrative expenses and outlays for employment services, training,
  and job search and relocation allowances are not included.

Source: Department of Labor.

  Training and Other Employment Services, Job Search, and Relocation
                               Allowances

    Training and other employment services and job search and
relocation allowances are available through State agencies to
certified workers whether or not they have exhausted UI
benefits and become eligible for TRA payments.
    Employment services consist of counseling, vocational
testing, job search and placement, and other supportive
services, provided for under any other Federal law.
    Training, preferably on the job, must be approved for a
worker if the following six conditions are met:
 1. There is no suitable employment available;
 2. The worker would benefit from appropriate training;
 3. There is a reasonable expectation of employment following
        training completion;
 4. Approved training is reasonably available from government
        agencies or private sources;
 5. The worker is qualified to undertake and complete such
        training; and
 6. Such training is suitable for the worker and available at
        reasonable cost.
    If training is approved, the workers are entitled to
payment of the costs by the Secretary directly or through a
voucher system unless they have been paid or are reimbursable
under another Federal law. On-the-job training costs are
payable only if such training is not at the expense of
currently employed workers. The 1988 amendments added remedial
education as a separate and distinct approvable training
program.
    The OTCA amendments converted training from an entitlement
to the extent appropriated funds were available to an
entitlement without regard to the availability of funds to pay
the training costs. As of the 1988 amendments, approved
training is an entitlement in any case where the six criteria
for approval are reasonably met, up to an $80 million statutory
ceiling on annual fiscal year training costs (including job
search and relocation allowances and subsistence payments)
payable from TAA funds. Up to this limit, workers are entitled
to have the costs of approved training paid on their behalf. If
the Secretary foresees that the $80 million ceiling will be
exceeded in any fiscal year, the Secretary will decide how
remaining TAA funds are apportioned among the States for the
balance of that year.
    Costs of approved TAA training may be paid solely from TAA
funds, solely from other Federal or State programs or private
funds, or from a mix of TAA and public or private funds, unless
the worker in the case of a nongovernmental program would be
required to reimburse any portion of the costs from TAA funds.
Duplicate payment of training costs is prohibited, and workers
are not entitled to payment of training costs from TAA funds to
the extent these costs are paid from or shared by other
sources. Training may still be approved if the fiscal year TAA
funding entitlement limit is reached, provided the training
costs are paid from outside sources.
    Supplemental assistance is available to defray reasonable
transportation and subsistence expenses when training is not
within the worker's commuting distance. This assistance is
equal to the lesser of actual per diem expenses or 50 percent
of the prevailing Federal per diem rate for subsistence and
prevailing mileage rates under Federal regulations for travel
expenses.
    Job search allowances are available to certified workers
who cannot obtain suitable employment within their commuting
area, who are totally laid off, and who apply within 1 year
after certification or last total layoff, whichever is later,
or within 6 months after concluding training. The allowance for
reimbursement is equal to 90 percent of necessary job search
expenses, based on the same increased supplemental assistance
rates described above, up to a maximum amount of $800. The
Secretary of Labor is required to reimburse workers for
necessary expenses incurred to participate in an approved job
search program.
    Relocation allowances are available to certified workers
totally laid off at time of relocation who have been able to
obtain an offer of suitable employment only outside their
commuting area, who apply within 14 months after certification
or last total layoff, whichever is later, or within 6 months
after concluding training, and whose relocation takes place
within 6 months after application of completion of training.
The allowance is equal to 90 percent of reasonable and
necessary expenses for transporting the worker, family, and
household effects, based on the same increased supplemental
assistance rates described above, plus a lump sum payment of
three times the worker's average weekly wage, up to a maximum
amount of $800. Table 6-4 provides a summary of training, job
search, and relocation allowances since 1975.

                       NAFTA WORKER SECURITY ACT

    Subchapter D of chapter 2 (section 250) of title II of the
Trade Act of 1974 establishes a North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) Transitional Adjustment Assistance Program
for Workers who may be adversely impacted by the NAFTA. Import-
impacted workers may also petition for assistance under TAA but
cannot obtain benefits under both programs. Assistance under
subchapter D was to terminate after the earlier of September
30, 1998, or the date on which legislation establishing a
program providing all dislocated workers with comprehensive
assistance substantially similar to the assistance provided
under subchapter D became effective. However, the program has
been extended through September 30, 2001.
    A group of workers (including workers in any agricultural
firm) shall be certified as eligible to apply for adjustment
assistance under subchapter D if the Secretary determines that
a significant number or proportion of the workers in the firm
or subdivision of the firm have become or are threatened to
become totally or partially separated, and either:

 TABLE 6-4.--TRAINING, JOB SEARCH, AND RELOCATION ALLOWANCES: TOTAL NUMBER OF WORKERS AND OUTLAYS, FISCAL YEARS
                                                     1975-99
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Total number               Total outlays
                                                          ---------------------------------------    including
                       Fiscal year                           Entered                              administration
                                                             training    Job search   Relocation    (millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1975 (4th quarter).......................................          463          158           44  ..............
1976.....................................................          823           23           26           $2.7
1977.....................................................        4,213          277          191            4.0
1978.....................................................        8,337        1,072          631           12.8
1979.....................................................        4,456        1,181          855           13.5
1980.....................................................    \1\ 9,475          931          629            6.0
1981.....................................................   \1\ 20,366        1,491        2,011            2.4
1982.....................................................        5,844          697          662           19.4
1983.....................................................       11,299          696        3,269           36.0
1984.....................................................        6,821          799        2,220           17.0
1985.....................................................        7,424          916        1,692           30.2
1986.....................................................       12,229        1,276        2,292           28.6
1987.....................................................       22,888        1,709        1,537           49.9
1988.....................................................        9,538        1,156        1,347           54.4
1989.....................................................       17,042          863          989           62.6
1990.....................................................       18,057          565        1,245           57.6
1991.....................................................       20,093          525          759           64.9
1992.....................................................       18,582          594          751           70.2
1993.....................................................       19,467          802        2,063           80.0
1994.....................................................       26,484          671        2,306           98.9
1995.....................................................       26,514          869        1,572           97.8
1996.....................................................       30,280          737          858           96.6
1997.....................................................       22,840          481          706           85.1
1998.....................................................       21,267          226          315           96.7
1999 (preliminary).......................................       23,553          207          429           94.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Of total workers entering training, 5,640 (59 percent) in 1980 and 18,940 (94 percent) in 1981 self-financed
  their training costs.

Source: Department of Labor.

 1. Sales and/or production of the firm or subdivision have
        decreased absolutely, imports from Mexico or Canada of
        articles like or directly competitive with articles
        produced by such firm or subdivision have increased,
        and the increase in imports contributed importantly to
        the workers' separation or threat of separation and to
        the decline in the sales or production of the firm or
        subdivision; or
 2. There has been a shift in production by the workers' firm
        or subdivision to Mexico or Canada of articles like or
        directly competitive with articles produced by the firm
        or subdivision.
    A group of workers or their union or other duly authorized
representative may file a petition for certification of
eligibility to apply for adjustment assistance under subchapter
D with the Governor of the State in which the worker's firm or
subdivision is located. Upon receipt of the petition, the
Governor must notify the Secretary of Labor. Within 10 days,
the Governor must make a preliminary finding as to whether the
petition meets the certification criteria and transmit the
petition, together with a statement of the finding and reasons
therefore, to the Secretary for action. If the preliminary
finding is affirmative, the Governor will ensure that rapid
response and basic readjustment services authorized under other
Federal law are made available to the workers.
    Within 30 days after receiving the petition, the Secretary
must determine whether the petition meets the certification
criteria. Upon an affirmative determination, the Secretary will
issue to workers covered by the petition a certification of
eligibility to apply for comprehensive assistance. Upon denial
of certification, the Secretary will review the petition to
determine if the workers meet the requirements of the Trade
Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program for certification.
    Certified workers under the NAFTA Program receive
employment services, training, trade readjustment allowances
(TRAs), and job search and relocation allowances in the same
manner and to the same extent as workers covered under a TAA
certification, with the following exceptions: (1) the total
amount of payments for training costs for any fiscal year do
not exceed $30 million; (2) with respect to TRA benefits, the
authority of the Secretary of Labor to waive the training
requirement does not apply with respect to payments under
subchapter D; and (3) to receive TRA benefits, the worker must
be enrolled in a training program approved by the Secretary by
the later of the last day of the 16th week following the
worker's most recent qualifying separation or the last day of
the 6th week after the week in which the Secretary issues a
certification covering the worker. In extenuating
circumstances, the Secretary may extend the time for enrollment
by not more than 30 days.
    For fiscal year 2000, $66 million has been appropriated for
NAFTA TAA, compared to $349 million for TAA.

                   FUNDING OF TAA AND NAFTA PROGRAMS

    Federal funds, as an annual appropriated entitlement from
general revenues under the Federal Unemployment Benefits and
Allowances Account, cover the worker's total entitlement
represented by the continuation of UI benefit levels in the
form of TRA payments. Federal funds also cover payments for
training, job search, and relocation allowances, as well as
State-related administrative expenses. Funds made available
under grants to States defray expenses of any employment
services and other administrative expenses.
    States are reimbursed from general revenues for benefit
payments and other costs incurred under the program. A penalty
under section 239 of the Trade Act of 1974 provides for
reduction by 15 percent of the credits for State unemployment
taxes which employers are allowed against their liability for
Federal unemployment tax if a State has not entered into or has
not fulfilled its commitments under a cooperative agreement.

             TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR FIRMS

    Sections 251-64 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended,
contain the procedures, eligibility requirements, benefit terms
and conditions, and administrative provisions of the TAA
Program for Firms adversely impacted by increased import
competition. The program is administered by the Economic
Development Administration within the Department of Commerce.
Amendments in 1986 under Public Law 99-272 eliminated financial
assistance (direct loan or loan guarantee) benefits, increased
government participation in technical assistance, and expanded
the criteria for firm certification.
    Program benefits consist exclusively of technical
assistance for petitioning firms which qualify under a two-step
procedure: (1) certification by the Secretary of Commerce that
the petitioning firm is eligible to apply; and (2) approval by
the Secretary of Commerce of the application by a certified
firm for benefits, including the firm's proposal for economic
adjustment.
    To certify a firm as eligible to apply for adjustment
assistance, the Secretary must determine that three conditions
are met:
 1. A significant number or proportion of the workers in the
        firm have been or are threatened to be totally or
        partially laid off;
 2. Sales and/or production of the firm have decreased
        absolutely, or sales and/or production that accounted
        for at least 25 percent of total production or sales of
        the firm during the 12 months preceding the most recent
        12-month period for which data are available have
        decreased absolutely; and
 3. Increased imports of articles like or directly competitive
        with articles produced by the firm have ``contributed
        importantly'' to both the layoffs and the decline in
        sales and/or production.
    The 1988 amendments expanded potential eligibility coverage
of the program to include firms that engage in exploration or
drilling for oil or natural gas. Unlike the TAA Worker Program,
this extension applied only prospectively after August 23,
1988.
    A certified firm may file an application with the Secretary
of Commerce for TAA benefits at any time within 2 years after
the date of the certification of eligibility. The application
must include a proposal by the firm for its economic
adjustment. The Secretary may furnish technical assistance to
the firm in preparing its petition for certification or in
developing a viable economic adjustment proposal.
    The Secretary approves the firm's application for
assistance only if it is determined that the firm's adjustment
proposal: (a) is reasonably calculated to make a material
contribution to the economic adjustment of the firm; (b) gives
adequate consideration to the interests of the workers in the
firm; and (c) demonstrates that the firm will make all
reasonable efforts to use its own resources for economic
development.

                                Benefits

    Technical assistance may be given to implement the firm's
economic adjustment proposal in addition to, or in lieu of,
precertification assistance or assistance in developing the
proposal. It may be furnished through existing government
agencies or through private individuals, firms, and
institutions (including private consulting services), or by
grants to intermediary organizations, including regional TAA
centers. As amended by Public Law 99-272 in 1986, the Federal
Government may bear the full cost of technical assistance to a
firm in preparing its petition for certification. However, the
Federal share cannot exceed 75 percent of the cost of
assistance furnished through private individuals, firms, or
institutions for developing or implementing an economic
adjustment proposal. Grants may be made to intermediate
organizations to defray up to 100 percent of their
administrative expenses in providing technical assistance.
    The Secretary of Commerce also may provide technical
assistance of up to $10 million annually per industry to
establish industrywide programs for new product or process
development, export development, or other uses consistent with
adjustment assistance objectives. The assistance may be
furnished through existing agencies, private individuals,
firms, universities, and institutions, and by grants,
contracts, or cooperative agreements to associations, unions,
or other nonprofit organizations of industries in which a
substantial number of firms or workers have been certified.

                                Funding

    Funds to cover all costs of the program are subject to
annual appropriations to the Economic Development
Administration of the Department of Commerce from general
revenues. For fiscal year 1999, a total of $11 million was
appropriated for the program.

                          LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

    The TAA Programs were first established under the Trade
Expansion Act of 1962 for the purpose of assisting in the
special adjustment problems of workers and firms dislocated as
a result of a Federal policy of reducing barriers to foreign
trade. As a result of limited eligibility and usage of the
programs, criteria and benefits were liberalized under title II
of the Trade Act of 1974, Public Law 93-618. The Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1981, Public Law 97-35, reformed
the Program for Workers. The amendments, particularly in
program eligibility and benefits, were intended to reduce
program cost significantly and to shift its focus from income
compensation for temporary layoffs to return to work through
training and other adjustment measures for the long-term or
permanently unemployed. The OBRA also made relatively minor
modifications in the Firm Program. Most amendments became
effective on October 1, 1981. Both programs were extended at
that time for 1 year, to terminate on September 30, 1983.
    Public Law 98-120, approved on October 12, 1983, extended
the Worker and Firm TAA Programs for 2 years, until September
30, 1985. Sections 2671-2673 of the Deficit Reduction Act of
1984, Public Law 98-369, included three provisions which
amended the Program for Workers to increase the availability of
worker training allowances and the level of job search and
relocation benefits, and amended the Program for Firms to
increase the availability of industrywide technical assistance.
    The termination date of the Worker and Firm TAA Programs
was further extended under temporary legislation in the first
session of the 99th Congress (Public Laws 99-107, 99-155, 99-
181, and 99-189) until December 19, 1985. The Consolidated
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, Public Law 99-272,
approved April 7, 1986, reauthorized the TAA Programs for
Workers and Firms for 6 years retroactively from December 19,
1985, until September 30, 1991, with amendments.
    Sections 1421-1430 of Public Law 100-418, the Omnibus Trade
and Competitiveness Act (OTCA) of 1988, enacted on August 23,
1988, made significant amendments in the Worker TAA Program,
particularly concerning the eligibility criteria for cash
benefits, funding, and administration. A training requirement
as a condition for income support to encourage and enable
workers to obtain early reemployment became effective as of
November 21, 1988. This replaced a 1986 amendment that
instituted a job search requirement as a condition for
receiving cash benefits. The amendments also expanded TAA
eligibility coverage of workers and firms, contingent upon the
imposition of an import fee to fund program costs. (Statutory
preconditions for imposition of an import fee were never met.)
Public Law 100-418 extended TAA Program authorization for an
additional 2 years until September 30, 1993.
    Section 136 of the Customs and Trade Act of 1990, Public
Law 101-382, approved on August 20, 1990, extended the
completion and reporting period for the supplemental wage
allowance demonstration projects for workers required by the
1988 amendments. Section 106 of Public Law 102-318, to extend
the Emergency Unemployment Compensation Program, provided for
weeks of active military duty in a reserve status (including
service during Operation Desert Storm) to qualify toward the
minimum number of weeks of prior employment required for TAA
eligibility.
    Section 13803 of OBRA 1993, Public Law 103-66, approved
August 10, 1993, reauthorized the TAA Programs for Workers and
Firms for an additional 5 years through fiscal year 1998, with
assistance to terminate on September 30, 1998. Section 13803 of
OBRA 1993 also reduced the level of the ``cap'' on training
entitlement funding from $80 million to $70 million for fiscal
year 1997 only.
    Sections 501-6 of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) Implementation Act, Public Law 103-182, approved
December 8, 1993, set forth the ``NAFTA Worker Security Act,''
establishing the NAFTA Transitional Adjustment Assistance
Program for Workers as a new subchapter D (section 250) under
chapter 2 of title II of the Trade Act of 1974. That special
program went into effect on January 1, 1994, with a termination
date of the earlier of September 30, 1998, or the date that a
comparable comprehensive dislocated worker program became
effective.
     Following the expiration of the TAA Programs'
authorizations on September 30, 1998, they were extended
through June 30, 1999, by section 1012 of the Omnibus
Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for
fiscal year 1999 (Public Law 105-277), enacted October 21,
1998. After this 9-month extension expired, the programs were
continued through September 30, 2001, by section 702 of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act for fiscal year 2000 (Public
Law 106-113), enacted November 29, 1999.
